PARENTS DONT DO THIS MISTAKES

"We are continuously hearing about the students will commit suicide for not take much pressure on them".

The report says that from past few years so many students commit suicide, what's the reason for this?.
The main reason is that the pressure building by teachers and parents?.Ya this is true we can see in many schools that teacher punishing the students very harshly and the students cont able to take that, and after when they come to home the parents also criticize them to study well get well marks in the exam.
Think one thing if keep on pressuring the students both in school and home then on that situation they cont able to think and do , they cont able to handle such situations so they commit suicide.
The first thing u have to do is give a good environment for the students so that they can give their best for you, this is the best you can give to your child, share the things what is going outside, what is the importance of education like this we have understand the importance so that they can react well.Give some freeness to them.Dont be a panic and rush to your child and start beating for getting less marks in the tests and exams.

BE CAREFULL WHILE HANDLING SUCH SITUATIONS

MENTAL PRESSURE HAS TAKEN THE LIFE OF INNOCENT BOY

"This is one shocking news for all of Us because the Pressure has taken the life of one innocent life".
Till now I cont able to understand what is going on, in the so called high tech schools. What they are doing, they are here to give education ,which is helpful to build their life.But its not happening instead of that they are creating pressure for all the students to get the good marks?. This is a message to all the parents and teachers that dont put pressure on the children's it will give a negative thought for these students.Create an environment where every one can participate with their own interest but these things are not happening in the school environment.Why? All are forcing, and continuous pressuring the students to get good marks, so that they can get well college for their higher studies,From past so many years we are hearing that students who cont able to get the good marks they are surrendering them to the death,like this boy GIRISH please dont put much pressure on the students, Let it be what they are and also if they are doing the wrong thing then punish them and give a guidelines about what not to do.Give them a chance to prove themselves that what they are.

PLEASE DONT BE A PANIC AND DONT PUT MUCH PRESSURE ON THE STUDENTS.IF YOU DO THAT, THEN IT WILL TAKE MORE LIFE OF STUDENTS.

CONVERSATION WITH A STUDENT ABOUT HIS PLANS

"Here I am presenting a simple conversation between Me and a college Student about his course, his dreams, his preparation etc".

From so many days I am trying for a simple conversation with a student about his student life, his future aim, his preparation.I want to know the how they are planning for their studies , since I met so many students.
But I was not satisfied with a chat with 20 students, why because they had not planned properly their life structure, simply they joined the course for completing that course and do some work .I had not expected these type of opinion from students i really shocked for these kind of opinion from the students side.
After that I got one student in which I was searching from so many days here is the simple chat with him.His name is Sanjay studying PUC so that below is the chat description.

Me: Hi Sanjay

Sanjay: Hi

Me: How is your studies is going on

Sanjay: Ya its nice, I will enjoy while studying

Me : Can you tell, How u are planning while going to study your subjects?.

Sanjay: No, There is no planning When I return from college , I will spend some time doing some meditation (DYANA) and after I will recall topics that was done in College, and after I will repeat the Yesterday's work and after I will study todays topics going further I will study tomorrow 's topics also ,Why because it will help Me to understand the concept clearly and in the free hours I will keep on recalling these topics again and again so that it helps me to remember each and every things, By regularly doing this I will not forget easily, for this continuous exercise it makes me free in the exam time.

Me: That's good , What's your future plan

Sanjay: I am much interested in science so I will go for BSC science and I want to do PhD so that I want to contribute on Science field

Me: But Your Mother is telling that you will go for Engineering courses?

Sanjay: No, I am not interested in the engineer courses and also in MBBS I want to go for my Interested field i.e science field

Me : Thanks Sanjay for sharing your study plans,I wish u for your success
GOOD LUCK FOR YOUR FUTURE.

Sanjay : Thank You

TOP MCA COLLEGES IN BANGLORE

"We usually see some of the students are willing to do their MASTER COURSES but they dont no about the best colleges, so here we are giving the top colleges for MCA, The students who are willing to do their MASTERS IN COMPUTER FIELD then here is the top colleges and details, choose your college and do your masters "

1.Sri Revanasiddeswara Institute of M.C.A.
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
Chokkanahalli
Hebbal Agricultural Farm
Bangalore - 560024
Karnataka
Phone: (80) 23533780 , 28467850 , 28467345

2.The Oxford College of Hotel Management
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
1st Phase
J.P. Nagar
Bangalore - 560078
Karnataka
Landmark: Opposite Mirambhika High School Road
Phone: (80) 26552500 , 26630855

3.Bangalore City College
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
160, Chelikere Main Road
Banaswadi
Bangalore - 560043
Karnataka
Landmark: Behind B.T.S. Bus Depot
Phone: (80) 25459956

4.Universal College
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
90, Magadi Main Road
Industrial Estate
Bangalore - 560044
Karnataka
Landmark: Near Tolgate Circle
Phone: (80) 23352571 , 23111020

5. Miranda Institute of Management Studies
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
CA52, 6th Cross, 10th Main, H.A.L. 3rd Stage, Indira Nagar
New Tippasandra
Bangalore - 560075
Karnataka
Landmark: Near BSNL Office
Phone: (80) 25281760 , 25253284

6.Administrative Management College
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
18 Km, Bannerghatta Road
Bannerghatta
Bangalore - 560083
Karnataka
Landmark: Opposite Union Bank
Phone: (80) 27828655 , 27828657 , 26638991

7. Garden City College
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
628/C, 11th Cross, Indira Nagar, 1st Stage
Indira Nagar
Bangalore - 560038
Karnataka
Landmark: Near Old Madras Road
Phone: (80) 25288831 , 25271385 , 22972753

8.Brindavan College
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
2nd Cross, Bhoopasandra Road, Vinayaka Layout, 2nd Stage
Byatarayanapura
Bangalore - 560094
Karnataka
Landmark: Near Boopasandra Bus Stop
Phone: (80) 23417833 , 23417832

9.Acharya Institute of Management & Sciences
Affiliated to: Bangalore University
1st Cross, 1st Stage, 1st Phase
Peenya S.I.
Bangalore - 560058
Karnataka
Phone: (80) 28390434 , 28376430

10.ICFAI Business School
Affiliated to: ICFAI University
64, 13th Cross, 6th Main, Sri Krishna Avenue, 3rd Phase
J.P. Nagar
Bangalore - 560078
Karnataka
Phone: (80) 26582279

INTERSTED TO STUDY IN ABROAD

"I had seen so many peoples telling that We want to study in abroad, But out of 50 peoples only ten peoples successful in studying in abroad."

Here is a wonderful opportunity for those who are dreaming that They want to study in Abroad, For them here is a good news.
Those who wants to study their graduate or under graduate programs in UK,USA,CANADA, AUSTRALIA, NEWZEALAND places here is a good platform so that they can fulfill their dream to come true for details contact here
for more details click here

MYTH'S ABOUT CAT

"The basic difference between those who crack the CAT and those who don’t is the mindset. Most aspirants start out by telling themselves that the CAT is ‘too difficult an exam to crack’. This self-defeating thought is often supported by some false notions about the exam. Let’s destroy a few myths that students love to hold onto."

Myth 1: “Only engineers can crack the CAT”
Terming the CAT a ‘difficult exam’ and giving up on it thinking that only engineering students can crack it, is pure escapism as one does not want to put in the efforts that the preparation demands. Results have proven that non-engineers have done just as well in the CAT as students from an engineering background. Ankit Doshi, a commerce graduate from Mumbai University, who scored 99.7 percentile in CAT 2008, says “The most important thing to keep in mind for the CAT is common sense. The ability to gauge the test and adapt to it quickly is the key.”

Myth 2: “I need to be brilliant at both verbal and quantitative aptitude.”
It’s possible to do well in the CAT with any one area as your core strength. A lot of people who were not comfortable with math, have managed to crack the CAT by following a simple strategy - manage the weak area, maximise in the area of strength, and manage time to maximise the overall score. The CAT contains several simple and elementary questions as well. Having a fear in one area makes one ignore those questions or approach them as if they were tough to solve.

Myth 3: “I need work-experience to get a call from an institute.”
Though the proportion of people with work-experience is usually higher and varies across institutes, there is no rule about freshers not being admitted at all. Most institutes want diversity in their batch, and hence freshers are given a chance because of the fresh perspective they bring in.

Myth 1: “CAT is only about the IIMs.”
IIMs are only a few of the many institutes that accept the CAT score. There are many other good institutes that one can consider taking admission to, through the CAT. An IIM call may be cherished, but do not get disheartened if you don’t get a call. CAT offers many other excellent options besides the IIMs.

Myth 1: “I can manage preparation for CAT the same way as other (college) exams.”
CAT cannot be approached the same way as regular college exams. Unlike college exams, one cannot do justice to CAT preparation through ‘ study’ or during ‘preparatory leave’. CAT needs regular, consistent practice over a period of at least six months. It’s a classic case of ‘slow and steady wins the race’, in which consistent effort is far more important than short bursts of intense study.
Another important point to keep in mind is to look for ways to solve a question until one discovers the most favourable method. It’s a case of constant and never ending improvement. Mitesh Gursahani, IIM Indore batch of 2009-11 says, “Much of the perceived difficulty of the CAT arises from the hype that is created around it, making it seem as if cracking the CAT is nothing short of a miracle.”
Having seen through the above falsehoods, one also needs to bear in mind a few more seemingly minor but significant things. The first amongst them is persistence. There will be days of disappointment, and tests with terrible scores. It’s good to know this before you start preparations so that you can take disappointment in your stride.
Also, enjoying the process is important. Akanksha Thakore, IIMA batch of 2007-09, says, “I thoroughly enjoyed the process of preparation. I immersed myself in it, giving very little thought to what the outcome might be. It helped me focus my energies and do away with the pressure of results.”
Above all, one needs to start by believing ‘I can crack the CAT’. Says Thakore, “I told myself that I'm good enough for the IIMs, and believed in it. If I had not, the battle would have been lost even before it began!”
‘I can’ should be your mantra as you begin preparations for the exam. That’s where the right mindset begins.

STUDENTS USE THE E-LEARNING TECHNOLOGY

"e-Learning is the use of technology to enable people to learn anytime and anywhere. e-Learning can include training, the delivery of just-in-time information and guidance from experts."

This is true With the help of E-LEARNING technology we can able to learn on anytime any where. From this we can reach lots of people.If you could stop time and inexpensively bring together all of the people in your organization who need to learn and the resources to teach them, you would not need e-learning. In the real world, people have jobs to do and budgets are limited. Your learning program will need the power of technology to overcome the limitations of time, distance and resources.
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STUDENTS BOOK IN ADVANCE FOR STATINARY THINGS

"Recently government is facing lots of problem in providing the books for the students, what's the real matter behind this".

We are hearing that the book provided by the government is not good, there is lack of books to distribute to the students like this we are hearing lots of problem.What is the real matter behind this, take a look of this.


*First the paper industries are closing down due to the government rule i.e "protecting the forest", dont cut off any trees in the forest.Without the trees industries cont able to generate the papers so they are shutting down.



*Due to this reason the publishers are facing lots of problem so that the production is going low day by day for this reason only they can't able to reach the production quantity.



*Due to lack of quantity only the government has not distributed the text books properly, So students here to pay caution and in advance bookmark the stationary things which is essential for your needs.

NEW ROBOT WILL COME TO CLEAN UP THE OIL SPILLS

"Scientists at MIT are developing a fleet of robots, named Sea-swarm, that can clean up Gulf oil-type spills in 30 days ".

This is one of the good news came from Research team that they are developing the robot in which it will be used to clean the oil spills in 30 days, that's great . This is the best news what we heard about because as we all know that some days before an disaster has happened in the gulf all, that while transporting oil tanks.

The research team now developing the robot named SEA-SWARM to clean off this WASTAGES in the sea in thirty days.
for more visit

LIMITED EXERCISE WILL HELP THE STUDENTS TO STUDY WELL

"Even moderate exercise – like walking – can enhance the connectivity of important brain circuits, combat declines in brain function associated with aging and increase performance on cognitive tasks. "

This is the report came from Washington in which its is useful for the Students.The reported is stating for the peoples in between the age of 18 to 35 so that making a morning walk or a limited exercise it will activate our body cells so that we can able to concentrate on studies and get succeed in life .
Here by if we are continuously doing some exercise then We can get what we want, its all based on our mind which controls all the activates of our body so for keeping your mind cool and activate do these exercise

This videos is helpful for those Students which are very much interested in marketing field and want to choose marketing as their as career. what are the qualities needed, how can we get that these are the details we will provide you
for more details

GET A PROFIT FROM YOUR TALLENT

"ALL POWER IS WITHIN YOU

           YOU CAN DO ANYTHING AND EVERYTHING

                       BELIEVE IN THAT"

Every one in this world has their hidden talent within them.One person is a very good Cricketer or may be a good Athlete nor a good singer like this everybody is having their own talent in them, But what happen with lack of encouragement they cont able to show their talent outside.

They need a platform so that they can expose themselves to the world.Here is one of the platform for the those person's who are willing to take photography as their career.This is one of the best opportunity for the students also who are interested in photography can apply for the part time photo journalist's in the newspapers so that while studying itself u can earn money .So that it may become advantage to your career also , So dont miss this opportunity.

                             GO AHEAD WITH YOUR TALENT

MOBILE USE FOR STUDENTS

What things do we associate with a college student today? An old pair of jeans, a jazzy bike, cool sunglasses and? most importantly, the latest brand of some affordable mobile phone. We are using mobile phones in every day life, day by day more users are creating.
We are not telling having a cell phone is prohibited because the student will go to other places for their further studies, They have keep in touch with family , and friends.

Besides the usefulness of mobile phones it has some bad effects that's to for students

* Teen people passing more time with mobile phones by texting, browsing Internet, playing games rather study more
* Students became lazy
* They con't able to concentrate on their studies
* Teen people can get the pornography easily through mobile phone ( we should stop it)
* Bad people using mobile for bad uses.
* Blackmailing is also happened by mobile
* Some times mobile phone disturbing in public places e.g. Listening music in loud speaker, or private talking over phone

TEACHERS DON'T DO THESE WITH STUDENTS

We are hearing about these type of news that teacher has punished their students very cruely .For what purpose they are doing like this .We cont able to understand the matter for these reasons.Why I am telling these matter is yesterday while reading the news headlines this news scared very much.

The news came from Chennamma Memorial School of Banglore where one teacher puished a student to do 200 situps for coming late for the school. We have to ask for the reason for coming late to school, Its not that without punishment students not came to right route but there are so many ways to punish them for their mistakes But in the right way.

What the actual matter we dont have to judge the people in the quick time ,If the student has done a mistake or a wrong thing instead of giving a hard punishment, If we done this then it will create a negative roll on the students and they may do other wrong things.I am not telling that dont punish the students, but punish them in the right way , we have to give such a punishment so that it will not effect the student harshly and after while doing mistakes he will realize what to do? and what not to do?

AN EXITING CAREER IN PHOTOJOURNALIST'S

Are u a photographer? Do u know how to capture the fantastic pictures ex: beauty of nature .Then for those who are welling to make photography as their career that here is the wonderful opportunity to them as a photo journalist .

Being a photojournalist is not an easy thing we have to wait for hours or a day to capture a moment! .This is a fashion of life, Be passionate in your career so that nobody is their in replacement of u .This job is a very good job for everyone who likes photography .

This is not only a job but u have lots of things other than this photo capturing , You can travel to different places , to study on different life styles, different cultures, amazing places etc, So go ahead with your skills and make your life
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BEWARE OF YOUR COLLEGE......

So many good and bad things are happening in education field . We have to think the strategy over this .

Lets come to the point first thing is the about the education institution you had selected, Beware of your college .We are hearing about the colleges are opening in states which is afflicated to universities of other states like Sikkim university, pondicherry universities like this so many universities are opening and offering for the courses like MBA, MCA and other courses .

Students who are interested in their further studies don't hurry up for these Universities .This is the matter of your life and career so before going to jump on colleges, go for consultants discuss with them share your thoughts to them. They will surely guide you about your career. And one more before selecting colleges just go through the background of the colleges u are selecting .

Since you are the owner of your life ,Put a care full and a calculative step on every-time so that you can make your life successful

                 I WISH U BEST OF LUCK FOR YOUR FUTURE more

CAN U ABLE TO ANSWER THIS TYPE OF QUESTIONS..........

Some Days before I gone to My Aunt's House , Usually My Aunt's home is very noise home because of her 12 years old child 'SHASHANK' . He is very naughty who ever comes He started to ask question unless until we fail for answering his question.

Some of the samples of his Question i am sharing here

Q1.Uncle(he calls me like that) What ever the things I do ! papa will call this as non-sense, U are mad if u doing like this i will sent u to mental hospital.Uncle now tell me have u gone to mental hospital...?

Q2.Why science is called as science and maths is called as maths.Why cont we tell Science as English and maths as numbers

Q3.Problem of solving a problem is not at all a problem if u face problem in solving the problem then there is something problem . If U doesn't face any problem in solving the problem then what's your problem to solve the problem .

Now tell what's the actual problem.......?

After hearing this I have no words to explain him , But He didn't gave up and started forcing me to answer the question .Finally I gone to one Provision Store purchased some Chocolates and gave to him.After that he gone to play with his friends . I thought that I saved my life ,having some coffee I left that place.

IF U HAVE THE SAME EXPERIENCE IN YOUR LIFE THAN SHARE WITH ME.......

THE WORLD TOUGHEST SUDOKU

When i was seeing the news paper of banglore mirror this article cought me for its bold heading i.e WORLDS TOUGHEST SUDOKU IS HERE.... CRACK IT IF U CAN.? I got amazed about this puzzle. Altough I cont able to solve these type of puzzle usually, I am here by sharing this articles with u all. From here i want your help in solving these type of puzzles . From these articles i am inviting U all to come and solve this problem.

This difficult problem was developed by Dr Arto Inkala, an environmental scientist with a doctorate in science and applied mathematics, compiles puzzles as a hobby. He says he slogged over this one for three months and used a customised computer software that ran through billions of calculations. It rivals the AI Escargot grid he drew up in 2006 — widely regarded as the most difficult sudoku grid yet.

So If you’re in the habit of solving a sudoku puzzle over your morning cup of chai, beware. This one might hold you up till dinner. Or longer. A mathematics wizard at Helsinki University in Finland has developed a sudoku which is so tough that it requires those attempting it “to think ahead eight or nine steps at a time”.

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

"A CAREER IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS IS FAST GAINING MOMENTUM AS NATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS REALISE THE IMPORTANCE OF INGENUITY AND THE NEED TO PROTECT IT. ANJANA MOHAN GIVES CRUCIAL INSIGHTS INTO THIS BOOMING FIELD"

Human intellect is the most important resource and intellectual property rights seek to protect innovation. “The object of intellectual property law is to confer protection to the products of human creativity that meet the three-fold test of innovation, non-obviousness and usefulness. Hence, intellectual property rights (IPR) are rights that ensure that the inventor or author reserves the rights of the utility of his/ her product. The term IPR broadly includes patents which confer rights over an invention, copyright that pertains to rights over an original literary work, and trademark that regulates the distinctive indicator unique to an organisation or an individual in business. Industrial design that caters to protection of any innovative design, semiconductor integrated circuits and layout design, protection of plant varieties and farmer’s rights and trade secrets which are protected by judicial decisions for the lack of a statutory provision too come under the purview of IPR. 

for more contact

epaper.timesofindia.com 

happy news for the usa students

University of Cincinnati, USA, plans to invest US $ 1 million in undergraduate scholarships for Indian students for the fall 2011 intake. The most significant investment is the university’s commitment to provide two full scholarships to undergraduate Indian students joining UC in fall 2011. This is applicable to two brilliant students who have overcome substantial disadvantages during their educational pursuits.
The university-wide UC Global Scholarship program also provides scholarships ranging from $1,000-$12,000 per year to undergraduate students for international students. Students are advised that their completed applications should reach the university by December 1 for maximum scholarship consideration. Information on scholarships will be available on www.uc.edu/india by October 1, 2010.

imaging about internet

Imagine searching the internet simply by thinking. Well, your imagination may soon turn into reality, say scientists who claim to be developing a computer which reads human minds.
A team at Intel Corporation is working on a new technology which will directly interpret words as they are thought, unlike current braincontrolled computers which require users to imagine making physical movements to control a cursor on a screen. In fact, the scientists are creating detailed maps of the activity in the brain for individual words which can then be matched against the brain activity of someone using the computer, allowing the machine to determine the word they are thinking, the Daily Telegraph reported.
Preliminary tests of the system have shown that the computer can work out words by looking at similar brain patterns and looking for key differences that suggest what the word might be. Dean Pomerleau, of Intel Laboratories, said, “The computer uses a form of 20 questions to narrow down what the word is. So a food related word like apple produces activity in those parts of the brain related to hunger. So the computer can infer attributes to each word being thought about and this lets the computer zero down on what the word is pretty quickly.
“We are currently mapping out the activity an average brain produces when thinking about different words. It means you’ll be able to write letters, open emails or do Google searches just by thinking,” Pomerleau said. PTI

SPACED ASTRONUTS BECOME WEAK WHEN THEY SPENT MONTHS IN SPACE

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THIS IS THE REPORT CAME FROM CAPE CANAVEARAL (FLORIDA): ACCORDING TO IT WHO ARE THE ASTRONUTS SPENDING MORE TIME IN SPACE WILL SUFFER FROM HEALTH HAZARDS.

ASTRONUTS ARE THE ONE WHO WILL GIVE A USEFULL INFORMATION REGADING OTHER PLANETS , ABOUT VACLONO MOUNTAINS , EXISTANCE OF WATER, OTHER FEATURES OF PLANETS FROM THEM WE GOT SO USEFULL INFORMATION .BUT AFTER THEIR SUCCESSFULL RETURN TO OUR HOME PLANET AND TAKING SOME EMERGENCY TEST THE REPORTS ARE TELLING THAT THE 21 YEAR PERSON AFTER HIS SUCESSFUL RETURN MAY LOOK LIKE 80 YEARS OLD MAN .WHEN VIEWING THE RECENT REPORTS FROM INTERNATINAL SPACE STATION WE ARE AMAZED BUT ITS A FACT, THE ASTRONUTS SPENDING MORE TIME (6 MONTHS) WILL SUFFER FROM MUSCLE WEEKNESS.BUT ONE MORE THING IS THESE HEALTH HAZARDS WILL BE RECOVERED WITH REGULAR EXERCISE AND GYM

THE MOON IS SHRINKING?

New research indicates cracks in the Moon’s crust that have formed as the interior has cooled and shrunk over the last billion years or so. That means the surface has shrunk, too, though not so you’d notice just from gazing at it.
Scientists have identified 14 landforms called lobate scarps scattered over the surface of the moon, explained Thomas Watters of the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum. Watters and colleagues describe their find in Friday’s edition of the journal Science.
The scarps had previously been noted at the Moon’s equator, but this is the first evidence in other areas, indicating they result from a global process.
The study calls the scarps “evidence of recent thrust faulting on the Moon”. But this is planetary science, where “recent” can mean a billion years ago.
The scarps, or cliffs, extend across some small craters, and small craters tend to be obliterated over time, Watters explained. In addition, there are no large craters imposed on top of the scarps, another indication they are relatively recent, in planetary terms, he said. “One of the really cool parts of this ... the faults are so young-looking that you can't escape the possibility that this contraction occurred recently, and could indicate that the moon is still active,” Watters said.
The size of the scarps indicates a shrinkage in the size of the Moon of about 328 feet, which wouldn’t be nearly enough to be noticed with the naked eye. The Moon is about one-fourth the size of the Earth in diameter.
The scarps range up to a little over 30 feet high and a few kilometers long, he said. By comparison, the planet Mercury has much larger scarps indicating considerably more shrinkage over time.The Moon’s not going to disappear and its shrinkage won’t affect the Earth in any way.

Universe will expand forever

The universe will continue to expand forever and eventually become a “cold, dead wasteland”, according to an Indian-origin cosmologist-led study that sheds light on mysterious “dark energy”.
Priya Natarajan of Yale University and astronomers at Nasa used the Hubble telescope’s “galactic magnifying lens” to “narrow in” on what they believe comprises the “dark energy” that pushes universe apart at ever-increasing speed.
They concluded the distribution of dark energy — that is invisible and makes up a “large chunk of our universe”, or 72% of its size — would mean the universe would never stop growing, the Science journal reported. The study predicted that the universe would eventually become a dead and cold wasteland. PTI

STUDENTS WHO LIKES LIFE SCIENCE

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This is very good news for those who love to do the life science course and being professional in this.Bangalore University is offering a two-year (four-semester) MSc course in life science at the department of sericulture, Sneha Bhavan, Jnana Bharati campus.
The course is a blend of modern disciplines like biotechnology, molecular physiology, immunology, bioinformatics and traditional disciplines like biodiversity, environmental biology, genetics and systematics. It is based on the UGC-NET syllabus. For details contact coordinator, life science course, at 080-22961521.
Also, separate syllabi and textbooks will be effective from academic year 2010-11 for I and II semester BA, BSc and BCom general English courses, including a common workbook for all under-graduate courses.

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ELECTRONICS

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Electronics is the branch of science and technology which makes use of the controlled motion of electrons through different media and vacuum. The ability to control electron flow is usually applied to information handling or device control. Electronics is distinct from electrical science and technology, which deals with the generation, distribution, control and application of electrical power. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode, which made electrical amplification possible with a non-mechanical device. Until 1950 this field was called "radio technology" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuum tubes.

Most electronic devices today use semiconductor components to perform electron control. The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of physics, whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems come under electronics engineering. This article focuses on engineering aspects of electronics.

Electronic devices and components

An electronic component is any physical entity in an electronic system used to affect the electrons or their associated fields in a desired manner consistent with the intended function of the electronic system. Components are generally intended to be connected together, usually by being soldered to a printed circuit board (PCB), to create an electronic circuit with a particular function (for example an amplifier, radio receiver, or oscillator). Components may be packaged singly or in more complex groups as integrated circuits. Some common electronic components are capacitors, resistors, diodes, transistors, etc. Components are often categorized as active (e.g. transistors and thyristors) or passive (e.g. resistors and capacitors).

Analog circuits

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Most analog electronic appliances, such as radio receivers, are constructed from combinations of a few types of basic circuits. Analog circuits use a continuous range of voltage as opposed to discrete levels as in digital circuits.

The number of different analog circuits so far devised is huge, especially because a 'circuit' can be defined as anything from a single component, to systems containing thousands of components.

Analog circuits are sometimes called linear circuits although many non-linear effects are used in analog circuits such as mixers, modulators, etc. Good examples of analog circuits include vacuum tube and transistor amplifiers, operational amplifiers and oscillators.

One rarely finds modern circuits that are entirely analog. These days analog circuitry may use digital or even microprocessor techniques to improve performance. This type of circuit is usually called "mixed signal" rather than analog or digital.

Sometimes it may be difficult to differentiate between analog and digital circuits as they have elements of both linear and non-linear operation. An example is the comparator which takes in a continuous range of voltage but only outputs one of two levels as in a digital circuit. Similarly, an overdriven transistor amplifier can take on the characteristics of a controlled switch having essentially two levels of output.

 Digital circuits

Digital circuits are electric circuits based on a number of discrete voltage levels. Digital circuits are the most common physical representation of Boolean algebra and are the basis of all digital computers. To most engineers, the terms "digital circuit", "digital system" and "logic" are interchangeable in the context of digital circuits. Most digital circuits use two voltage levels labeled "Low"(0) and "High"(1). Often "Low" will be near zero volts and "High" will be at a higher level depending on the supply voltage in use. Ternary (with three states) logic has been studied, and some prototype computers made.

Computers, electronic clocks, and programmable logic controllers (used to control industrial processes) are constructed of digital circuits. Digital Signal Processors are another example.

Eligibility & Course Areas

Educational : To become an electronics engineer one needs to have a degree in electronics engineering (BE / B.Tech) or must have passed the AMIE (Associate Membership Examination of the Institute of Engineers) in electronics or Graduate membership Examination of the Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers or at least a diploma in Electronics Engineering. A post graduate degree is required for most research or teaching posts and management positions. An additional degree in business administration is desirable for those seeking administrative or management positions.

The basic eligibility criteria for a BE / B.Tech is 10+2 or equivalent examination, with Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics. Admission to these courses is highly competitive and only those with high academic performance in the board of examination i.e the marks secured in the final exams of 10+2 and in the entrance test can expect admission. Entrance to the IIT's is through 'JEE' (Joint Entrance Exam) and for other major institutions through AIEEE (All India Engineering/Pharmacy/Architecture Entrance Examination) OR their own separate entrance exams and other state level and national level exams.

Duration :

The duration is 4 Years for BE / B.Tech courses. The diploma courses in polytechnics are of 3 years duration.

The focus in the study programme is on understanding electronic networks and devices, electromagnetic field theory, computer fundamentals, as also their protection, and communication

and control systems.

Personal Attributes : A creative and inventive mind and an interest in physics and mathematics is essential to take up this challenging career. They should have good analytical skills, an eye for detail, sustained attention and the ability to work as part of a team. They should also have good communication skills.

Job Prospects & Career Options

Job Prospectus

An electronics engineer can get a job in Central Government, State Governments and their sponsored corporations in public enterprises and the private organizations like All India Radio, Indian Telephone Industries, MTNL, National Physical Laboratories, AIR, Civil Aviation Department; Post and Telegraph Department; Co-ordination Department, National Physical Laboratory, Bharat Electronics Limited, Development Centers in various States etc. dealing in manufacture, sales and services of electronics consumer goods and appliances. Electronics engineers are also absorbed into the entertainment transmission industry, research establishments, and defense. They can also take up teaching and research in one of the many engineering colleges in India or abroad.

Career Options

As an Electronic Engineer, entry for junior posts in the Government departments is by direct recruitment through advertisements in newspapers. Selection to Gazetted posts is through the competitive examinations conducted by Union and State Public Service Commission. UPSC conducts an Engineering Service Examination (Telecommunication and Electronics Engineering group) annually for vacancies in Central Engineering Services and various State Public Service commissions conduct their own competitive Exams for vacancies in State engineering services.

In the Defence Services, young engineers start as Second Lieutenants. For selection into the Defence Services- Indian Army, Indian Air Force, Indian Navy, applications are invited through National dailies and Employment News.

Similarly vacancies in the private and public sector are advertised through leading daily newspapers of the country and the Employment News. Mostly the candidates are interviewed after thorough scrutiny of their basic inputs and the selections are made on merit. Central Electronics Ltd., Indian Railways, Atomic Energy Commission, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, Ministry of Civil Aviation, Directorate General Posts and Telegraphs Departments etc are some of the prospective employers in the field.

Electronic Engineers can start their own business by manufacture electronic parts, goods and components. He can also start a repair or assembly shop for television receivers, amplifirers.Electronic Engineers, recording equipment etc. Since electronics is a labour intensive and talent -oriented field, it gives high returns for a given initial investment. Loan facilities are offered by banks and Small Scale Industries Development Corporations for starting a business.

Climatology

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Climatology is the study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time,and is a branch of the atmospheric sciences. Basic knowledge of climate can be used within shorter term weather forecasting using analog techniques such as the El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Northern Annualar Mode (NAM), the Arctic oscillation (AO), the Northern Pacific (NP) Index, the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Climate models are used for a variety of purposes from study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate.

Different approaches

Map of the average temperature over 30 years. Data sets formed from the long-term average of historical weather parameters are sometimes called a "climatology".

Climatology is approached in a variety of ways. Paleoclimatology seeks to reconstruct past climates by examining records such as ice cores and tree rings (dendroclimatology). Paleotempestology uses these same records to help determine hurricane frequency over millennia. The study of contemporary climates incorporates meteorological data accumulated over many years, such as records of rainfall, temperature and atmospheric composition. Knowledge of the atmosphere and its dynamics is also embodied in models, either statistical or mathematical, which help by integrating different observations and testing how they fit together. Modeling is used for understanding past, present and potential future climates. Historical climatology is the study of climate as related to human history and thus focuses only on the last few thousand years.

Climate research is made difficult by the large scale, long time periods, and complex processes which govern climate. Climate is governed by physical laws which can be expressed as differential equations. These equations are coupled and nonlinear, so that approximate solutions are obtained by using numerical methods to create global climate models. Climate is sometimes modeled as a stochastic process but this is generally accepted as an approximation to processes that are otherwise too complicated to analyze

Differences with meteorology

In contrast to meteorology, which focuses on short term weather systems lasting up to a few weeks, climatology studies the frequency and trends of those systems. It studies the periodicity of weather events over years to millennia, as well as changes in long-term average weather patterns, in relation to atmospheric conditions. Climatologists, those who practice climatology, study both the nature of climates - local, regional or global - and the natural or human-induced factors that cause climates to change. Climatology considers the past and can help predict future climate change.

Phenomena of climatological interest include the atmospheric boundary layer, circulation patterns, heat transfer (radiative, convective and latent), interactions between the atmosphere and the oceans and land surface (particularly vegetation, land use and topography), and the chemical and physical composition of the atmosphere.

Use in weather forecasting

A more complicated way of making a forecast, the analog technique requires remembering a previous weather event which is expected to be mimicked by an upcoming event. What makes it a difficult technique to use is that there is rarely a perfect analog for an event in the future. Some call this type of forecasting pattern recognition, which remains a useful method of observing rainfall over data voids such as oceans with knowledge of how satellite imagery relates to precipitation rates over land, as well as the forecasting of precipitation amounts and distribution in the future. A variation on this theme is used in Medium Range forecasting, which is known as teleconnections, when you use systems in other locations to help pin down the location of another system within the surrounding regime. One method of using teleconnections are by using climate indices such as ENSO-related phenomena.

Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement

A bachelor's degree in meteorology or atmospheric science, or in a closely related field with courses in meteorology, usually is the minimum educational requirement for an entry-level position. A master's degree is necessary for some positions, and a Ph.D. degree is required for most basic research positions.

Education and training. The preferred educational requirement for entry-level meteorologists in the Federal Government is a bachelor's degree—not necessarily in meteorology—with at least 24 semester hours of meteorology/atmospheric science courses, including 6 hours in the analysis and prediction of weather systems, 6 hours of atmospheric dynamics and thermodynamics, 3 hours of physical meteorology, and 2 hours of remote sensing of the atmosphere or instrumentation. Other required courses include 3 semester hours of ordinary differential equations, 6 hours of college physics, and at least 9 hours of courses appropriate for a physical science major—such as statistics, chemistry, physical oceanography, physical climatology, physical hydrology, radiative transfer, aeronomy (the study of the upper atmosphere), advanced thermodynamics, advanced electricity and magnetism, light and optics, and computer science.

Although positions in operational meteorology are available for those with only a bachelor's degree, obtaining a second bachelor's degree in a related technical field or a master's degree enhances employment opportunities, pay, and advancement potential. A Ph.D. typically is required only for research positions at universities. Students planning on a career in research and development do not necessarily need to major in atmospheric science or meteorology as an undergraduate. In fact, a bachelor's degree in mathematics, physics, or engineering provides excellent preparation for graduate study in atmospheric science.

Because atmospheric science is a small field, relatively few colleges and universities offer degrees in meteorology or atmospheric science, although many departments of physics, earth science, geography, and geophysics offer atmospheric science and related courses. In 2009, the American Meteorological Society listed approximately 100 undergraduate and graduate atmospheric science programs. Many of these programs combine the study of meteorology with another field, such as agriculture, hydrology, oceanography, engineering, or physics. For example, hydrometeorology is the blending of hydrology (the science of Earth's water) and meteorology, and is the field concerned with the effect of precipitation on the hydrologic cycle and the environment.

Prospective students should make certain that courses required by the National Weather Service and other employers are offered at the college they are considering. Computer science courses, additional meteorology courses, a strong background in mathematics and physics, and good communication skills are important to prospective employers.

Students also should take courses in subjects that are most relevant to their desired area of specialization. For example, those who wish to become broadcast meteorologists for radio or television stations should develop excellent communication skills through courses in speech, journalism, and related fields. Students interested in air quality work should take courses in chemistry and supplement their technical training with coursework in policy or government affairs. Prospective meteorologists seeking opportunities at weather consulting firms should possess knowledge of business, statistics, and economics, as an increasing emphasis is being placed on long-range seasonal forecasting to assist businesses.

Beginning atmospheric scientists often do routine data collection, computation, or analysis, and some basic forecasting. Entry-level operational meteorologists in the Federal Government usually are placed in intern positions for training and experience. During this period, they learn about the Weather Service's forecasting equipment and procedures, and rotate to different offices to learn about various weather systems. After completing the training period, they are assigned to a permanent duty station.

Certification and advancement. The American Meteorological Society (AMS) offers the Certified Consulting Meteorologist professional certification for consulting meteorologists. Applicants must meet formal education requirements, pass an examination to demonstrate thorough meteorological knowledge, have a minimum of 5 years of experience or a combination of experience plus an advanced degree, and provide character references from fellow professionals. In addition, AMS also offers the Certified Broadcast Meteorologist designation for meteorologists in television and radio. Applicants must hold a bachelor’s degree in atmospheric science or meteorology, complete an examination, and submit examples of their weather broadcasts for review. Both certifications also require periodic continuing education.

Experienced meteorologists may advance to supervisory or administrative jobs, or may handle more complex forecasting jobs. After several years of experience, some meteorologists establish their own weather consulting services.

Employment

Atmospheric scientists held about 9,400 jobs in 2008. This does not include individuals employed in college and university departments of meteorology or atmospheric science, physics, earth science, or geophysics; these individuals are classified as college or university faculty, rather than atmospheric scientists. (See the statement on teachers—postsecondary elsewhere in the Handbook.)

The Federal Government was the largest single employer of atmospheric scientists, accounting for about 34 percent of employment. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) employed most Federal meteorologists in National Weather Service stations throughout the Nation; the remainder of NOAA's meteorologists worked mainly in research and development or management. The U.S. Department of Defense employed several hundred civilian meteorologists. In addition to civilian meteorologists, hundreds of Armed Forces members are involved in forecasting and other meteorological work. (See the statement on job opportunities in the Armed Forces elsewhere in the Handbook.) Others worked for professional, scientific, and technical services firms, including private weather consulting services, and in radio and television broadcasting.

Job Outlook

Employment is expected to increase faster than average. Applicants face keen competition; those with graduate degrees should enjoy better prospects than those with only a bachelor’s degree.


Employment change. Employment of atmospheric scientists is projected to grow 15 percent over the 2008-18 decade, faster than the average for all occupations. Most new jobs are expected to arise in private industry. As research leads to continuing improvements in weather forecasting, demand should grow for private weather consulting firms to provide more detailed information than has formerly been available, especially to climate-sensitive industries. Farmers, commodity investors, insurance companies, utilities, and transportation and construction firms can greatly benefit from additional weather information more closely targeted to their needs than the general information provided by the National Weather Service. Additionally, research on seasonal and other long-range forecasting is yielding positive results, which should spur demand for more atmospheric scientists to interpret these forecasts and advise climate-sensitive industries. However, because many customers for private weather services are in industries sensitive to fluctuations in the economy, the sales and growth of private weather services depend on the health of the economy.

There will continue to be demand for atmospheric scientists to analyze and monitor the dispersion of pollutants into the air to ensure compliance with Federal environmental regulations, but related employment increases are expected to be small. Efforts toward making and improving global weather observations also could have a positive impact on employment.

Job prospects. Atmospheric scientists will face keen competition, as the number of graduates from college and university atmospheric sciences programs is expected to exceed the number of openings in the field. Although overall opportunities will be limited, the best prospects will be in private industry. Few opportunities are expected in government as atmospheric scientists will only need to be hired to replace workers who retire or leave the field. Openings for academic researchers will be limited due to the small number of positions. Workers with graduate degrees should enjoy better prospects than those with only a bachelor’s degree.

Significant Points

* About 34 percent of atmospheric scientists are employed by the Federal Government; most of these work in the National Weather Service.
* A bachelor's degree in meteorology, or in a closely related field with courses in meteorology, is the minimum educational requirement; a master's degree is necessary for some positions, and a Ph.D. degree is required for most basic research positions.
* Keen competition is expected for jobs; those with graduate degrees should enjoy better prospects than those with only a bachelor’s degree.

Nature of the Work

Atmospheric science is the study of the atmosphere—the blanket of air covering the Earth. Atmospheric scientists study the atmosphere's physical characteristics, motions, and processes, and the way in which these factors affect the rest of our environment. The best-known application of this knowledge is forecasting the weather. In addition to predicting the weather, atmospheric scientists attempt to identify and interpret climate trends, understand past weather, and analyze current weather. Weather information and atmospheric research are also applied in air-pollution control, agriculture, forestry, air and sea transportation, defense, and the study of possible trends in the Earth's climate, such as global warming, droughts, and ozone depletion.

Atmospheric scientists who forecast the weather are known as operational meteorologists; they are the largest group of specialists. These scientists study the Earth's air pressure, temperature, humidity, and wind velocity, and they apply physical and mathematical relationships to make short-range and long-range weather forecasts. Their data come from weather satellites, radars, sensors, and stations in many parts of the world. Meteorologists use sophisticated computer models of the world's atmosphere to make long-term, short-term, and local-area forecasts. More accurate instruments for measuring and observing weather conditions, as well as high-speed computers to process and analyze weather data, have revolutionized weather forecasting. Using satellite data, climate theory, and sophisticated computer models of the world's atmosphere, meteorologists can more effectively interpret the results of these models to make local-area weather predictions. These forecasts inform not only the general public, but also those who need accurate weather information for economic and safety reasons, such as the shipping, air transportation, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and utilities industries.

Meteorologists use data collected from sophisticated technologies like atmospheric satellite monitoring equipment and ground-based radar systems. Doppler radar, for example, can detect airflow patterns in violent storm systems, allowing forecasters to better predict thunderstorms, flash floods, tornadoes, and other hazardous winds, and to monitor the direction and intensity of storms. They also monitor surface weather stations and launch weather balloons, which carry equipment that measures wind, temperature, and humidity in the upper atmosphere.

While meteorologists study and forecast weather patterns in the short term, climatologists study seasonal variations in weather over months, years, or even centuries. They may collect, analyze, and interpret past records of wind, rainfall, sunshine, and temperature in specific areas or regions. Some look at patterns in weather over past years to determine, for example, whether a coming season will be colder or warmer than usual. Their studies are used to design buildings, plan heating and cooling systems, and aid in effective land use and agricultural production.

Some atmospheric scientists work exclusively in research. Physical meteorologists, for example, study the atmosphere's chemical and physical properties; the transmission of light, sound, and radio waves; and the transfer of energy in the atmosphere. They also study other atmospheric phenomena, such as the factors affecting the formation of clouds, rain, and snow; the dispersal of air pollutants over urban areas; and the mechanics of severe storms. Environmental problems, such as pollution and shortages of fresh water, have widened the scope of the meteorological profession. Environmental meteorologists study these problems and may evaluate and report on air quality for environmental impact statements. Other research meteorologists examine the most effective ways to control or diminish air pollution.

Work environment. Weather stations are found everywhere—at airports, in or near cities, and in isolated and remote areas. In addition to analyzing information in offices, some atmospheric scientists also spend time observing weather conditions on the ground or from aircraft. Weather forecasters who work for radio or television stations broadcast their reports from station studios, and may work evenings and weekends. Meteorologists in smaller weather offices often work alone; in larger ones, they work as part of a team. Those who work for private consulting firms or for companies analyzing and monitoring emissions to improve air quality usually work with other scientists or engineers; fieldwork and travel may be common for these workers.

Most weather stations operate around the clock, 7 days a week, as weather conditions can change rapidly and timely information is essential, particularly during periods of severe weather. As a result, jobs in such facilities involve night, weekend, and holiday work, often with rotating shifts. During weather emergencies, such as hurricanes, meteorologists may work extended hours. Operational meteorologists also are often under pressure to meet forecast deadlines. Meteorologists and research scientists who are not involved in forecasting tasks work regular hours, usually in offices.

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

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Chemical engineering is the branch of engineering that deals with the application of physical science (e.g., chemistry and physics), and life sciences (e.g., biology, microbiology and biochemistry) with mathematics , to the process of converting raw materials or chemicals into more useful or valuable forms. In addition to producing useful materials, modern chemical engineering is also concerned with pioneering valuable new materials and techniques - such as nanotechnology, fuel cells and biomedical engineering. Chemical engineering largely involves the design, improvement and maintenance of processes involving chemical or biological transformations for large-scale manufacture. Chemical engineers ensure the processes are operated safely, sustainably and economically. Chemical engineers in this branch are usually employed under the title of process engineer. A related term with a wider definition is chemical technology. A person employed in this field is called a chemical engineer.

Applications

Chemical engineering is applied in the manufacture of a wide variety of products. The chemical industry has a large scope, manufacturing inorganic and organic industrial chemicals, ceramics, fuels and petrochemicals, agrochemicals (fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides), plastics and elastomers, oleochemicals, explosives, detergents and detergent products (soap, shampoo, cleaning fluids), fragrances and flavors, additives, dietary supplements and pharmaceuticals. Closely allied or overlapping disciplines include wood processing, food processing, environmental technology, and the engineering of petroleum, glass, paints and other coatings, inks, sealants and adhesives. Other applications of a chemical engineers knowledge include the vital Bosch-Haber process. This falls under the term ‘process engineer’ mentioned before and the process yields chemical ammonia used in fertilizers, explosive, nylon, and plastics. A variety of substances found in everyday life have been made under the supervision of a chemical engineer.

Modern chemical engineering

The modern discipline of chemical engineering encompasses much more than just process engineering. Chemical engineers are now engaged in the development and production of a diverse range of products, as well as in commodity and specialty chemicals. These products include high performance materials needed for aerospace, automotive, biomedical, electronic, environmental, space and military applications. Examples include ultra-strong fibers, fabrics, dye-sensitized solar cells, adhesives and composites for vehicles, bio-compatible materials for implants and prosthetics, gels for medical applications, pharmaceuticals, and films with special dielectric, optical or spectroscopic properties for opto-electronic devices. Additionally, chemical engineering is often intertwined with biology and biomedical engineering. Many chemical engineers work on biological projects such as understanding biopolymers (proteins) and mapping the human genome. The line between chemists and chemical engineers is growing ever more thin as more and more chemical engineers begin to start their own innovation using their knowledge of chemistry, physics and mathematics to create, implement and mass produce their ideas.

Personal Skills : A successful chemical engineer must posses strong technical ability and high motivation. Excellent analytical, communication and teamwork skills is a necessity and the candidate should be hardworking, good at organizing and solving problems. It is also necessary to like working with tools, drawing sketches of complex things and operations, and conceptualising forms and structures. Good computer skill is also essential as they use computer technology to optimize all phases of research and production. As the knowledge and duties of chemical engineers overlap many fields, they must be aware of all aspects of chemicals manufacturing and how it affects the environment, the safety of workers and customers.

Job Prospects & Career Options

Since Chemical engineering is a vast field, the job prospectus and career options of a chemical engineer is varied and different. Chemical engineers play a key role in industries, mostly in the manufacturing field. Their work area varies from petroleum and petrochemicals to food, materials, specialty chemicals, plastics, power production, environmental control, waste management and biotechnology.

As it is a varied field Chemical engineers could specialise in a particular chemical processess such as oxidation or polymerisation or in a specific product such as plastic or rubber. Besides designing equipments and plants, testing manufacturing processes and supervising production; they also study the properties and effects of dangerous chemicals, device process of neutralising them and also on the development acceptable substitutes. As such their work can be dangerous.

Wide employment opportunities await chemical engineers both in the public sector as well as the private sector. They can seek jobs in areas such as processing, operations or manufacturing, research and development

, design and construction, finance and teaching. They may also pursue a management degree after B.Tech and take on marketing jobs. Candidates with an additional management degree are sought by private industries. In process industries they could work in positions such as a supervisor or manager, technical specialist, project manager or project engineers.

Among the manufacturing industries, pharmaceuticals provide the best opportunities for chemical engineers. In the government sector, chemical engineers are employed to solve environmental problems such as waste and water treatment, environmental regulations and recycling; on energy sector such as energy conservation and research on alternate energy sources and health-related research projects, defense establishments and atomic power plants. They are also employed in service industries such as scientific research and development services, particularly in energy and the developing fields of biotechnology and nanotechnology.

Other work areas of chemical engineers include food processing, coal preparation and mineral processing, explosives manufacturing, chemical process industries such as fertiliser industry, including pesticides and herbicides, caustic soda, glass and specialty chemicals, dyes and dyestuff, paint, lubricants, steel and aluminum production. They are also employed in a variety of manufacturing industries other than chemical manufacturing, such as those producing electronics, photographic equipment, clothing, pulp and paper and even in the development of aircrafts.

ASTRO PHYSICS

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Astrophysics is the branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of the universe, including the physical properties (luminosity, density, temperature, and chemical composition) of celestial objects such as galaxies, stars, planets, exoplanets, and the interstellar medium, as well as their interactions. The study of cosmology addresses questions of astrophysics at scales much larger than the size of particular gravitationally-bound objects in the universe.

Because astrophysics is a very broad subject, astrophysicists typically apply many disciplines of physics, including mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, relativity, nuclear and particle physics, and atomic and molecular physics. In practice, modern astronomical research involves a substantial amount of physics. The name of a university's department ("astrophysics" or "astronomy") often has to do more with the department's history than with the contents of the programs. Astrophysics can be studied at the bachelors, masters, and Ph.D. levels in aerospace engineering, physics, or astronomy departments at many universities.

Observational astrophysics

The majority of astrophysical observations are made using the electromagnetic spectrum.

* Radio astronomy studies radiation with a wavelength greater than a few millimeters. Radio waves are usually emitted by cold objects, including interstellar gas and dust clouds. The cosmic microwave background radiation is the redshifted light from the Big Bang. Pulsars were first detected at microwave frequencies. The study of these waves requires very large radio telescopes.

* Infrared astronomy studies radiation with a wavelength that is too long to be visible but shorter than radio waves. Infrared observations are usually made with telescopes similar to the usual optical telescopes. Objects colder than stars (such as planets) are normally studied at infrared frequencies.

* Optical astronomy is the oldest kind of astronomy. Telescopes paired with a charge-coupled device or spectroscopes are the most common instruments used. The Earth's atmosphere interferes somewhat with optical observations, so adaptive optics and space telescopes are used to obtain the highest possible image quality. In this range, stars are highly visible, and many chemical spectra can be observed to study the chemical composition of stars, galaxies and nebulae.

 

* Ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray astronomy study very energetic processes such as binary pulsars, black holes, magnetars, and many others. These kinds of radiation do not penetrate the Earth's atmosphere well. There are two possibilities to observe this part of the electromagnetic spectrum—space-based telescopes and ground-based imaging air Cherenkov telescopes (IACT). Observatories of the first type are RXTE, the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory. IACTs are, for example, the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) and the MAGIC telescope.

Other than electromagnetic radiation, few things may be observed from the Earth that originate from great distances. A few gravitational wave observatories have been constructed, but gravitational waves are extremely difficult to detect. Neutrino observatories have also been built, primarily to study our Sun. Cosmic rays consisting of very high energy particles can be observed hitting the Earth's atmosphere.

Observations can also vary in their time scale. Most optical observations take minutes to hours, so phenomena that change faster than this cannot readily be observed. However, historical data on some objects is available spanning centuries or millennia. On the other hand, radio observations may look at events on a millisecond timescale (millisecond pulsars) or combine years of data (pulsar deceleration studies). The information obtained from these different timescales is very different.

The study of our own Sun has a special place in observational astrophysics. Due to the tremendous distance of all other stars, the Sun can be observed in a kind of detail unparalleled by any other star. Our understanding of our own sun serves as a guide to our understanding of other stars.

The topic of how stars change, or stellar evolution, is often modeled by placing the varieties of star types in their respective positions on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which can be viewed as representing the state of a stellar object, from birth to destruction. The material composition of the astronomical objects can often be examined using:

* Spectroscopy

* Radio astronomy

* Neutrino astronomy (future prospects)

What Do Astrophysicists Do? 

Astrophysicists investigate the formation of stars, planets and galaxies using mathematics, computing and physics.

Many observational astrophysicists travel often to maximize the viewing time of various stellar events. Most astrophysicists also conduct research and testing of various types of scientific instruments and software. Analyzing data, applying statistics, plotting, logging, archiving, evaluating and reporting of results are all part of the astrophysicists work.

Many astrophysicists are also engaged in teaching at an observatory or university or museum to educate the public and other professionals. Professional writing and publishing is essential for most astrophysicists. Coordinating data from observations made by satellites, ground-based telescopes and calibrating sets of data are part of the regular routine. Astrophysicists use different theoretical models to align images and compare data. They are often the ones who develop the written procedures and standards for analyzing data sets.

What Do Qualifications Do Astrophysicists Need? 

Patience is a valued personality trait for astrophysicists as much as curiosity and problem solving are. A professional astrophysicist needs a good background in astronomy and physics, mathematics and chemistry. Computer skills and art are both needed. The astrophysicist needs to work effectively as a member of a team in a scientific environment and have the skills to continue independent research along with skill in oral and written communication. Many astrophysicists exhibit passion for their work. What Areas Do Astrophysicists Cover In Their Courses? A solid science background at the undergraduate level prepares the future astrophysicist for in-depth graduate studies in applied mathematics and many of the disciplines of physics. Computational Astrophysics is essential for research.

Contemporary astronomical research involves various aspects of relativity, thermodynamics, quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, nuclear and particle physics and atomic and molecular physics. Laboratory courses offer direct experience with a wide range of sophisticated scientific equipment and machinery as observatory tools. What areas of specialization may astrophysicists choose? The range of specialization is extensive and includes nearly all aspects of physics as it applies to astronomy. The study of these objects through passive collection of data is the goal of observational astrophysics.

Computational Astrophysics, Spectroscopy, Radio astronomy, theoretical astrophysics, astrodynamics and Infrared astronomy studies are all potential specialties. Astrophysicists study, not only the substance or matter of the universe, but also the energy and interactions of its parts. Ultraviolet, X-ray and gamma ray astronomy study energetic processes such as binary pulsars, black holes, magnetars, and more. Where do astrophysicists work? Astrophysicists work at observatories, universities, government agencies, institutes or corporations with special interests in space and technology.

Career in Astrophysics

The study of the atmosphere and sphere and space is one of the oldest sciences. Space science in India has been growing with the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) focusing on moon research and India launching the AstroSat, a multi - wavelength astronomy satellite, next year.

The making of satellites for communication, mapping and education are all part of India's space research program. ISRO has also made plans for the lunar explorer, Chandrayaan. The IT revolution has also played a role in augmenting the progress in space science.

Space science deals with the human advances towards exploration of outer space and related technology. It is an amalgamation of various disciplines like, physics, mechanical engineering, materials science, chemistry, biology, medicine, psychology, computer science, and other fields of scientific knowledge.